Arab, Chinese, European and Indian influences were the dominant foreign factors that helped shape modern Aceh, and according to some sources, the impact was not only cultural and sociological in nature, but also racial. Indeed, to judge by the physical features that one can see among many Acehnese, some intermixing must have taken place during the centuries of contact with the world outside.

According to Chinese annals dating from the Liang Dynasty, a Buddhist state by the name Po-Ii existed at around the year 500 A.D. on the northern tip of Sumatra. Other old chronicles mention the existence of a city state by the name of Lamuri on the east coast of what is now northern Aceh. Marco Polo, the Venetian adventurer who visited Peureulak (Perlak) in 1292, called it Lamri. The Portuguese, who arrived at the beginning of the 16th century, called it Achem, and the Dutch, who carne about a century later, initially refered to it as Achin. Majority of Acehnese are Moslems. In some places quite a number of followers of other religions exist.

The teachings of Islam are faithfully practiced in the people's daily lives, and generally imbue the local traditions. Mosques are filled on Fridays and on other days on which congregational prayers are prescribed. The province currently has a population of about four million, which is unevenly distributed due to the region's singular environmental conditions. The coastal areas west of the Bukit Barisan mountain range are in general sparsely populated and desolate. Here, the plains are narrow and the land uneven and hilly. Many places are inaccessible over land. Only two towns exist in this region, Meulaboh and Tapak Tuan.

The land towards the east of the Bukit Barisan range is more flat and fertile. This is where the largest part of the province's population is concentrated. The land is dotted with paddies and people engage in either agriculture or trade.

The majority of the population is concentrated in and around the coastal towns and cities, which leaves the hinterland almost empty. In that vast, vacant land there is only one regency: Takengon. The coastal areas are generally livelier. The islands We and Simeuleu may even be regarded crowded by Acehnese standards, particularly during the years when Sabang, on We Island, was a free port. Many of the other islands, however, are unpopulated.

Close family ties typify community life in the rural areas. The village, which in Aceh is called gampong is the smallest administrative territory. Each gampong is led by a gampong head, who is called a geusyik. He takes care of the daily affairs of administration in the village, together with the religious, the teungku imum. In every village there is a building referred to as the meunasah, which serves as the office of the village head, as a house of worship on certain occasions, an educational institution, a community hall, and generally a place where all sorts of communal activities are held.

The Acehnese language knows several regional dialects, or local languages, which are sometimes so different from each other that speakers of one may not be able to communicate with those of another. This, again, is probably due to the isolation of many areas as a consequence of the existence of natural barriers. Four major language or dialect groups can be distinguished: In West and South Aceh, the dialect is similar to that of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra. In the Kuala Simpang region of Each Aceh, the Deli Malay dialect prevails. In Central and South Aceh the Gayo Alas dialects, respectively, are spoken.

Banda Aceh and surroundings

In the center of Banda Aceh is the city's famed Grand Mosque, one of the most impressive in Indonesia, named the Great Baiturrachman Mosque. It was built during the Aceh Sultanate around the middle of the last cen¬tury. At one time during the colonial period, Dutch troops occupied and burned down the old mosque that stood there, but a new one was later built in its place at the orders of the colonial government. In 1935, it was extended and given three new domes, to which two more were added between 1959 and 1968.

The mosque's architectural style displays a striking blend of Moorish and indigenous Indonesian elements, and the ornaments in many places most handsome. The front yard is spacious and the air inside the mosque is cool

The governor's official residence is known as the Meuligo (the "Governor's Pavilion"). Built in 1880, it was formerly the residence of the Dutch governors. The residence and the Grand Mosque both occupy an area which was previously the center of the Aceh sultanate.

Worth a visit is the Museum Negeri, or State Museum, which provides a glimpse of the culture and history of Aceh. The main structure, built in 1914 for an exhibition in Semarang, Central Java, displays the tradi¬tional architectural style of Aceh. Afterwards, it was brought back to Aceh and reassembled at the orders of the Dutch Governor Van Swart to serve as a museum.

Part of the museum's facilities are contained in three stories. A new building has since been added to the compound for the display of aspects of Acehnese culture. The auditorium is shaped like a cone, a form derived from the traditional rice packages which the Acehnese hand out to guests at the kenduri, which are gatherings of traditional-religious nature. This particular kind of package is called a bukulah, and is usually handed out after gatherings to commemorate the birth of the Prophet Mohammad, and during the Kenduri Blang.

The main exhibition hall contains displays of historical interest, such as the huge bell Cakra Donya, which was a gift from the Emperor of China to the Sultan of Aceh. It was brought here in 1414 A.D. by the great Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho. In the vicinity are the tombs of past sultans of Aceh, made of stone and engraved with Arabic calligraphy.

During the time of Aceh Sultanate, the palace was surrounded by a park named Taman Sari, through which the river Krueng Daroy flowed. The only structure left of the old palace is the Pintu Khop, which was the gateway connecting the palace with the park. Not far from the gateway is an odd structure in the resemblance of a small mountain, ap¬propriately named the Gunongan. This also was formerly a part of the sultan's pleasure gardens. The Kerkhof bears evidence of the long and bloody resistance which the Acehnese waged against the Dutch expansion during the last century. The extended conflict took many lives on both sides. In the Kerkhof (graveyard) the bodies of 2,000 Dutch soldiers lay buried.

The cemetery is to this day well maintained. The RI-OOI monument, in the shape of a Douglas Dakota airplane, reminds of Aceh's role in the early stages of Indonesia's war of independence in the late I94Os. In 1948, the in¬fant Republic badly needed airplanes and other means to break the Dutch blockade, which due to the lack of funds, the government was unable to purchase. At President Soekarno's appeal, the needed funds were collected in a short time by the people of Aceh and a Douglas DC-3 aircraft was bought. This first opera¬tional Indonesian transport plane was christen¬ed Seulawah and was used, among other things, to smuggle arms and medical supplies from abroad. The Dakota was the embryo from which the national carrier, Garuda Indonesia, would eventually grow.

The grave of Teungku Syiah Kuala, lies at the mouth of Krueng Aceh river, outside the city. Teungku Syiah Kuala is the popular name given to Syeh Abdurrauf bin Ali AI-Jawi AI. Fansyuri Al-Singkili, a Moslem leader who dedicated himself to the advancement of the sciences and the education of the people. The great ulema was authorized by the sultan to manage the affairs of state in as far as religious concerns were involved. The policy led to the Acehnese custom of adat bak po teumeureuhom, hukom bak Syiah Kuala,which means that customary laws are upheld , by the king, religious laws by the doctrines laid down by Syiah Kuala.
Aceh's state-run university near Banda Aceh is named after the great Moslem scholar and leader. It was set up in 1959, and has its campus at Darussalam. In addition, there is the State Institute of the Islamic Religion (lAIN), Jami'ah Ar-raniri.

Lhoknga and Lumpuk beaches are located about 17 kilometers to the west of Banda Aceh and can be reached by car in 20 minutes. The white sand and clear waters are perfect for fishing, boating, snorkeling and bathing, or just for sunbathing. The sun setting over the indian Ocean at Lhoknga are beautiful to behold.

Krueng Raya, at a distance of 35 kilometers, or about 30 minutes driving from the center of the city, is where Banda Aceh's seaport Malahayati is located. Along the way, there are a number of popular sights and places of interest, such as the grave of Admiral Malahayati, a woman who at one time led the naval forces of the Aceh sultanate, and whose previous official functions in the kingdom in¬cluded that of barbor master.

There are also the remnants of two fortresses, tbat of Iskandar Muda, near Krueng Raya, and Indrapatra, built by one of the sultans of Aceh of the past as a defense against Portuguese at¬tacks. Popular holiday resorts are Ujong Batee Beacb, which is surrounded by casuarina forests, and the Ie Si-uem bot-water springs, which are said to cure certain ailments.

The Tanoh Abee Library in Seulimum, 42 kilometers east of the city and reachable in 45 minutes, has a rare and very valuable collec¬tion of books on Islam. The Cut Nyak Dbien Museum is a replica of tbe house of Aceh's most celebrated women freedom fighters of the past. Her husband was the equally celebrated war hero Teuku Umar. The original house was burned down by the Dutch. After Indonesia's independence the house was rebuilt to house a museum. The museum's, collections include objects of historical interests as well as some of the personal belongings of Cut Nyak Dhien.
Other site worth seeing in and around Ban¬da Aceh are the Aceh Traditional House, Pantai Cermin Beach and Mata Ie.

Weh Island

The Weh Island lies at the western end of Sumatra, just ten sea miles off the Aceh mainland, with Breuh and Nasi not far away. Of the three, We Island is the most important.

The island's capital, Sabang, has a popula¬tion of more than 25,000 people and occupies about 200 square kilometers of land. Sabang has a small airport called Cot Bak U / Malikulsaleh, which links the town with Banda Aceh's Blang Bin¬tang Airport. Ferry boats regularly ply the nar¬row strait between the port and Uleelheue, on the mainland. A 32-kilometer long road skirts the shoreline, linking 118 villages in two districts with the island's capital.

Hills overlook beautiful Sabang Bay. There are a number of scenic beaches in the vicinity, such as pantai Kasiah and Anoe Ham. About 6.4 kilometers out at sea is the Rubiah island Marine Port a wonderful submarine world of colorful corals and fishes. Aneuk Laot Lake is a scenic lake in the hills from which Sabang derives its clean water supply. '

Pulau Breuh, can be reached by boat from We island. Sumur Tira and the Air Putih baths are the most popular tourist sites on the island.

North Aceh

On the road from Banda Aceh to Medan, near the border at Pidie, is a resort named Batte-iliek, which is highly popular among vacationers, many of whom come to bathe.

About 18 kilometers east of Lhokseumawe are the remains of the old Islamic kingdom of Samudera Pasai, the first Islamic state in In¬donesia. Here lies the grave of Malikulsaleh, the kingdom's first ruler. Among the graves of successive rulers is that of Queen Nahrisyah. Her tombstone is engraved with Arabic calligraphy.

Ujung Blang, near Lhokseumawe is a very popular resort and is much visited during holidays. Further south, towards Takengon, 22 kilometers away from Bireun, is Kreung SIm¬po pool, a riverside resort in natural surroun¬dings, filled with cool water coming from the North Aceh hinterland. Cot Panglima is a mountain resort on the Bireun-Takengon road. Located at an altitude of 1,200 meters above sea level, the air here is cool and crisp. The night temperature average 16° and the daytime temperature 23° Celsius.

The Lhokseumawe Industrial Zone is located near the town Lhokseumawe and is . among the biggest in Indonesia. Here are located Indonesia's biggest liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant, the Asean and the Iskandar Muda urea fertilizer industries. Not far away is the scenicBlang Kolam waterfall.

Central Aceh

Central Aceh is a regency in the Specfal Region of Aceh. It is home to the Gayo ethnic population, one of the ethnic groups of Aceh which prefer to live in the central highlands of the Bukit Barisan mountain range, deep in the hinterland.
On the average, the Central Aceh regency is blessed with a cool highland climate, and the soil is fertile. Central Aceh is one of Sumatra's foremost producers of high quality coffee.

The Gayo people who inhabit this land have their own language and forms of artistic ex¬pression. Islam is believed to have made its en¬try into this region somewhere in the 12th cen¬tury, and even today, the Gayo are known to be devout Moslems, as is the majority of the population of Aceh.

Takengon is a town on the shore of scenic

Lake Laut Tawar(the "fresh water sea"). The town is 319 kilometers away from Banda Aceh over Bireuen. Before World War II, horses were the only means to reach Takengon, and even at present they are stilI the major means of transportation among some of the vilIagers in the area. Being located at an altitude of about 1,200 meters high above sea level, the air around Takengon is cool - around 20° Celsius. The trip to Bireuen is pleasant. Even in the middle of the day, cool breezes sweep away the stuffy air inside the car while traveling the 218-kilometer distance from Ban¬da Aceh. It takes four hours to navigate the 101 kilometers from Bireuen to Takengon, due to the many curves and the narrow path road.

During the ikon depik season, Lake Laut Tawar is normally blanketed by fog and the air gets cooler. When rain begins to fall, the little fishes surface at the lakeside and the fishing begins, which the Gayo do by using either nets or the more traditional scoops. Depik do not grow bigger than a child's little finger. After they are caught, the little fishes are laid out in the sun to dry, then fried for consumption. Small as they are, they are an important source of animal protein for the Gayo people.

Lake Laut Tawar is about 60 square kilometers large, located at a height of about 1,225 meters above sea level, and is very scenic. Motorboats can be hired for excursions. A number of caves dot the lake's surroundings and the steep cliffs are most suitable for scaling.

Takengon can be reached in about two and a half hours from Lhokseumawe, on the east coast. The distance between the two towns is 150 kilometers. Cheap public buses are available. During World War II, the Japanese built an airstrip near Takengon for their defense purposes. After the war, however, it fell into disuse and the people gratefully con¬verted it into a coffee garden.

Didong is a traditional dance that is very popular among the Gayo people. It is presumed to have evolved since before the arrival of Islam.

Lukup is a village 20 kilometers from Takengon in which the original traditions of the Gayo pe

Nineteen kilometers before Takengon are the hot water springs and pools of Simpang Halek, and 50 kilometers to the south of Takengon is the Linge Isaq Hunting Park, a 80,000 hectare tract of wild inhabited by various species of wildlife, especially wild boar and deer. Villagers in the park's surroundings often organize traditional horse races.

East Aceh

The eastern parts of Aceh consist mainly of fertile lowlands, with a number of towns along the coast flourishing, due mainly to the presence of good highways which connect this part of the province with neighboring North Sumatra. A railroad system built by the Dutch colonial government in the late 19th century to link towns along the east coast, connects Banda Aceh with Medan and other towns and cities in North Sumatra. Although old, the railroad is still useful, mainly for the transpor¬tation of goods.

Between Lhokseumawe and Langsa is scenic Kuala Heukahbeach, and not far away, near the mouth of the Krueng Peureula river, is the former site of the ancient kingdom of Peureula, or Perlak, which bloomed around the lith century.
Among the relics of that distant past are the ,NuruI Ala Graveyard, the holy grave of Kutu Geudang, Krueng Hill, and Kuala' Langsa.

Southeast Aceh

Going from Takengon to the southeast over a distance of 165 kilometers past the villages Isese and Rikit Gaib, the traveler arrives at Slang Kejeren. This is the upstream region of the Alas River, inside the Gunung Leuser Na donal Park, the largest in Indonesia.

The wealth of the park's flora and fauna make it a frequent site for research on primates, birds, insects and for environmental studies. Basic lodging facilities are available at the Ketambe post. Another way to reach this na¬tional park is through Kutacane, the capital of the Southeast Aceh regency.
Lawe Gurab Park is 9,200 hectares large and is only 35 kilometers from Kutacane. About 40 kilometers from Kutacane-Blang Ke¬jeren is a hot water spring set in impressively scenic surroundings.

Along the road between Kutacane and Blang Kejeren, the Alas Rivercuts through the Gunung Leuser National Park as it rushes downstream. The area is especially popular among the young and adventurous. The sharp bends and the many rapids make the river in this area highly challenging to white-water rafters.

South of Kutacane is the border between the provinces Aceh and North Sumatr:l. This area is known as the Karo region. Here, Chris¬tian churches begin to make their appearance, and there are quite a number of them.

West & South Aceh

Traveling over land from West to South Aceh means skirting the province's southwestern coastline. The distance from Ban¬da Aceh over Meulaboh to Tapak Tuan is ap¬proximately 616 kilometers.

The journey from the provincial capital to Meulaboh, spanning a length of 245 kilometers, can be made by public bus. The route, however, is not quite as easy to negotiate as it may seem. There are many twists and turns along this stretch, and the road goes up and down steep hills. The passage is just wide enough to let one small bus at a time to pass, and just making way for another passing vehicle wi~h t~e ravine gaping at the side of the road is quite a frightening experience.

Five rivers must be crossed before one reaches Meulaboh, four of those crossings ¬those at Lam Beuso, Karongan, Arongan and Suak Timah -located near villages. Stalls offering refreshments and people vending fruits made good use of the situation by touting their wares to travelers.

In Meulaboh stands a monument-dedicated to the hero Teuku Umar who, according to in¬scription, died as a martyr on the lIth of February 1899. The remarkable thing about the monument is that it takes the form of a hat. According to local lore, Teuku Umar was shot by Dutch troops and his body was taken into the forest to be buried. Unknown by the soldiers, the resistance hero's hat fell on the ground, where people later found it. The monument presumably stands at the exact spot where that incident happened.

Further along the road is the tomb of Meurenbom Daya.. The cliffs here at the Geureutee Sea' are steep, but the view is magnificent. It is another 200 kilometers from Meulaboh to Tapaktuan, capital of the regen¬cy of South Aceh. The roads here are smooth and well-paved, and in general in a much bet¬ter state of repair that those on the Banda Aceh-Meulaboh stretch.

Tapaktuan is smaller than Meulaboh, but in terms of attractiveness it compares well with any other dty in Aceh. The modest hotel looks out on the sea and the hills beyond.

Closer to the border of the Sawang district in the South Aceh regency, there are quite a number of clean beaches with magnificent views. Visitors, however, are advised to heed the local norms of behavior. Many things are still considered taboo. Bathing in the sea, for example, is frowned upon, especially when it is done by men and women together. .

Further south along the coast is the Krueng Kluet river mouth, and a small town named Kandang. Still further to the south, about six kilometers away from Bukit Hitam ("Black Hill"), there are two waterfalls - Tuwi Lbok lee Dingin and Tingkat Tujub Bekas Tapaktuan (the "seventiered waterfall of Tapak¬tuan"). The latter is a popular holiday spot, with a natural pool. A narrow footpath leads to the top of the waterfall.

Singkil, a district about 950 square kilometers large, is inhabited by 9,000 people who live in 17 villilges scattered across the area. People going to the town have to take rafts at five different places. Ninety percent of the population are fishermen. The others are either farmers, traders or civil servants.

Simeuleu Island

The island Simeuleu on the rim of the Indian Ocean, 120 kilometers from the mainland coast at Tapaktuan and 145 kilometers from Meulaboh, is part of the Special Region of Aceh.

The capital of the island district is Sinabang, which can be reached by either aircraft or boat. The airstrip is about ten kilometers away from town, with small buses running back and forth between the two points to serve the needs of arriving and departing passengers.

Although located rather far offshore, Sinabang is busier than most other towns on the mainland's west coast, including Tapaktuan. The islanders' biggest source of income is cloves, the source of the island's relative wealth. Reachable by air or sea. Much less care is given to other crops. Paddies are often neglected.
Because of their relative prosperity, extravagance is a rather common inclination among the people of Simeuleu. After the harvest time, it not unusual for people to charter airplanes to take them to the big cities on the Sumatran mainland, where they buy up all sorts of goods, stay in luxury hotels and en¬joy city life.

Simeuleu has quite a number of villages, among them Labuhanbajau, Lasingalu, Lamayang, Nosreuheu, Leukon, Laban, Sibokoh, Sibigo and Kualabaru. Almost all the coastal villages have their charm and worth visiting. The same can be said for the islets Tapah, Simeuleucot and Lekon.More to the south are the islands Banyak, Leusan, Habi, Tuangku, Bangkaru and Ujungbatu. The waters around these islands are rich fishing grounds.

The Banyak island group in the Indian Ocean is the most southern in the South Aceh Regency. It the south of the group is the island Nias, which belongs to the province of North Sumatra.

The lack of regular transportation makes it rather difficult to visit the Banyak islands. In addition, rough weather and gales often make crossings totally impossible. In normal weather it takes about 12 hours sailing to reach the islands from Tapaktuan. From Bakongan, it is a journey of about six hours, and from Singkil about three hours by fishing boat.

In the past, the Banyak group comprised exactly 100 islands. At present, 99 are left afterone was swept off the surface of the sea dur¬ing a raging storm. Seven of the islands are classified as big, while the remaining 82 are small. Of those latter, three are inhabited by 4,102 people.

Here, too, cloves are a major source of in¬come, besides copra and fofok, which is a kind of sea shell. The products are sold in Sibolga and Gunung Sitoli, in North Sumatra.

The people on Banyak Islands are Moslems. Their language is a mixture of a number of linguistic elements and is distinct from that of Aceh. Politeness and loyalty are common traits.

The island group boasts a number of virgin potential tourist spots, among them the Gosang Seande Beach Marine Gardens, and the islands Bengkulu, Rangit, Sikandang, Bagok, Biawak, Pagisih, Sarang Ala, Pinang and Banyak

The climate in these islands is generally hot, but often tempered by rain and wind during certain months of the year.

Concept design

A concept designer (also known as "visual futurist" or "concept artist") is a designer who designs products that are not intended for immediate realization. In fact, most of them never come to a realization. If they are realized, it often happens many (even decades or hundreds of) years after the author's death and they often differ from the original concept design, especially when it comes to details. Some good examples of concept design (and of concept architecture as well - architecture is just another design field) are part of the Venus project, founded and led by Jacque Fresco.

Another good example is the Star Trek project. Impressive work of various concept designers (amongst others, of course) over decades has been resulting not only in extremely popular films and the palette of television serials but in a complete "alternative future world". Some, if not most of the concepts, developed for the project, including spaceship drives etc. will probably see the light of day in the future, since the authors and designers, besides using their pure imagination, borrowed ideas from serious science (mostly physics) - and were very careful to avoid situations that would be against the known laws of physics (as the true science fiction should be). Besides that. the task of a concept designer might also include designing of completely fictional characters or objects - especially for a fantasy film or a computer game project.

Other great, though significantly older examples of concept design include numerous projects by the legendary Leonardo Da Vinci (the Aerial Screw flying machine, the Paddle Boat, Scythed Chariots...)

To be a successful concept designer one must be broadly versed in science and technology on one side plus one needs an impressive artistic talent in order to produce quality and aesthetically pleasing sketches, quality photo-realistic illustrations and even animations, on the other. Many of today's concept designers use a 3D computer graphics software as a powerful creative tool in addition to their natural talent to draw and paint, in order to achieve the extreme photorealism. The ideal educational background to become a concept designer would be a degree in architecture or industrial design. Other educational programs tend to be either too artistic/humanistic or too technical for the purpose. A more than average talent not only for realistic drawing and painting but also to invent new, original spacial forms, can be crucial and the right ability to constrain the own imagination inside the limits of the possible, without becoming conservative, is a must.

Concept designers work mainly for the entertainment industry (films, comics, games...), mostly on the subjects of science fiction and fantasy. They design everything, from hand held weapons to costumes to furniture to spaceships to architecture (even whole cities) to impressive background environments. They often cooperate with scientists and engineers, specializing in diverse fields. When participating in a serious science fiction project, it is often crucial not only to take care of the visual aspect of a product but also on its inner workings and principles. For example, a scene, taking place on a planet with four moons and without atmosphere, thousands of light-years away, is different from our everyday experiences, and the job of a concept designer is to join his/her own imagination and the scientific + technical knowledge and try to predict, what it would be like. You can not just put the moons randomly all over the sky, you have to know a little bit of astronomy to place them correctly. You can not travel faster than light, so you have to find a possible way to get around that technical problem (for example by creating a sub-space bubble...). How would you steer a futuristic car, running at over 500 km/h and levitating on an air mattress, a few centimetres over a steel road surface? You obviously can not do it by a conventional steering mechanism, so you have to think of something that would be convincing. It would be still a sort of a close guess, but it must be at least physically possible. Science fiction should not contain elements that are contrary to known scientific laws, so a person is needed with lot of imagination but also with broad technical and scientific, basic (i.e. not necessarily expert) knowledge. That's where the profession of concept designer fits in perfectly.

Besides the entertainment industry there are concept designers working for various, serious scientific and research institutions, (like NASA etc.), in other industries (automotive, aircraft, military) and in architectural and design studios.

Concept designer, specialized in architecture and urban development is also known as a concept architect (again, it is very important not to confuse it with conceptual architect(ure), because the two expressions are not only different but also contradictory!)

Concept design is mostly resulting in visual arts (images, animations, special FX, virtual CG...). The 19th century writer Jules Verne and his various concepts (submarine, rocket etc.) might be considered a good exception that proves the rule. They firstly emerged in their literary form, but had been so seriously detailed, imagined and described by the author, that some basic principles were used when building first real submarine and sending the first man to the Moon.

It is a common misconception, by common people as well as "ordinary" designers and architect, to treat concept design and concept architecture products as less valuable or serious, because they are sort of "fantasy" and are not "realized" as final products. A good architecture is a good architecture, regardless of whether it is standing in the centre of London and is made out of steel and concrete or exists only in the form of a detailed project and a 3D computer model. It is obvious that the process of "realization" can not make it any better in architectural sense (it only gets worse, once the masons take it into their hands). The same is with any other design field.

Important thing to remember is also, that a serious concept project (as a result of work of a concept designer) is sufficient to protect the concept (idea) and generate the authors' rights (at least it should be...).

Some good examples of concept design (in these cases really of concept architecture), that were realized in "their" time: